Systemic and Regional Nonsurgical Therapy—What Is the Optimal Strategy for Metastatic Neuroendocrine Cancer?
A multidisciplinary team is essential for the optimal management of patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. In this article, the systemic and regional nonsurgical therapeutic options for metastatic neuroendocrine cancers are discussed. In particular, the roles of biotherapy, chemotherapy, and hepatic artery embolization/chemoembolization are reviewed. A proposed treatment algorithm is provided with the aim of providing clinicians with a useful framework for managing these challenging patients. Finally, the rationale for promising investigational therapies is described.
aDepartment of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1600 Divisadero Street, A-724, San Francisco, CA 94143-1932, USA
bDepartment of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1600 Divisadero Street, San Francisco, CA 94143-1705, USA
Corresponding author.
E.K.N. is supported by an American College of Surgeons Faculty Research Fellowship and the James Ewing Foundation of the Society of Surgical Oncology.
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